Blog di AlùK

7 giu 2020

Web-fu - The Ultimate Web Hacking Chrome Extension

Web-fu Is a web hacking tool focused on discovering and exploiting web vulnerabilitites.

BROWSER INTEGRATION

This tool has many advantages, as a browser-embedded webhacking tool, is very useful for scanning browser-authenticated applications, if browser can authenticate and access to the web application, the tool also can. Note that some other tools do not support neither certificate authentication nor web vpn accesses.
The integration with chrome, provides a more comfortable and agile way of web-hacking, and you have all the application data loaded on the hacking tool, you don't need to copy the url, cookies, etc. to the tool, just right click and hack.
The browser rendering engine is also used in this tool, to draw the html of the responses.

FALSES POSITIVES

When I coded this tool, I was obsessed with false positives, which is the main problem in all detection tools. I have implemented a gauss algorithm, to reduce the faslse positives automatically which works very very well, and save a lot of time to the pentester.

VIDEO

Here is a video, with some of the web-fu functionalitites:

VISUAL FEATURES

This tool has a visual crawler. Normal crawlers doesn't parse the ajvascript, this tool does. The visual crawler loads each link of the web site, rendering the html and executing all the javascript as a normal load, then the links are processed from he DOM and clicked.
A visual form cracker, is also available, althow is experimental and only works on some kind of forms.

SCANNING FEATURES

The web-fu's portscanner, has a database of a common web ports, like 80,81,8080 and so on.
The cracker module, can bruteforce web directories to find new attack vectors, and can fuzz get and post parameters for discovering vulns, and also crack passwords. There are 9 preloaded wordlists, and you can also load a custom wordlist. Prefilters, falsepositive reductor and render will be helpful. The scanners support SSL, if the website can be loaded in the chrome, can be scanned by web-fu.

ENCODERS & DECODERS

The supported encoders and decoders are: base64, urlescape and urlencode

OTHER FEATURES

A web notepad is available, saving the information on the browser localStorage, there is one notepad per site. A cookie editor is also very useful for pentesting. The inteceptor, is like a web proxy but from the inside of the browser, you can intercept a request There is also a session locker and a exploit web search.

CHROME STORE
Here is the link to the chrome store, the prize is about one euro, very cheap if you compare with other scanners: Web-Fu on Chrome Store

With webfu, you will do the best web site pentest and vulnerability assessment.

6 giu 2020

Learning Web Pentesting With DVWA Part 3: Blind SQL Injection

In this article we are going to do the SQL Injection (Blind) challenge of DVWA.
OWASP describes Blind SQL Injection as:
"Blind SQL (Structured Query Language) injection is a type of attack that asks the database true or false questions and determines the answer based on the applications response. This attack is often used when the web application is configured to show generic error messages, but has not mitigated the code that is vulnerable to SQL injection.

When an attacker exploits SQL injection, sometimes the web application displays error messages from the database complaining that the SQL Query's syntax is incorrect. Blind SQL injection is nearly identical to normal , the only difference being the way the data is retrieved from the database. When the database does not output data to the web page, an attacker is forced to steal data by asking the database a series of true or false questions. This makes exploiting the SQL Injection vulnerability more difficult, but not impossible."

To follow along click on the SQL Injection (Blind) navigation link. You will be presented with a page like this:

Lets first try to enter a valid User ID to see what the response looks like. Enter 1 in the User ID field and click submit. The result should look like this:

Lets call this response as valid response for the ease of reference in the rest of the article. Now lets try to enter an invalid ID to see what the response for that would be. Enter something like 1337 the response would be like this:

We will call this invalid response. Since we know both the valid and invalid response, lets try to attack the app now. We will again start with a single quote (') and see the response. The response we got back is the one which we saw when we entered the wrong User ID. This indicates that our query is either invalid or incomplete. Lets try to add an or statement to our query like this:

' or 1=1-- -

This returns a valid response. Which means our query is complete and executes without errors. Lets try to figure out the size of the query output columns like we did with the sql injection before in Learning Web Pentesting With DVWA Part 2: SQL Injection.
Enter the following in the User ID field:

' or 1=1 order by 1-- -

Again we get a valid response lets increase the number to 2.

' or 1=1 order by 2-- -

We get a valid response again lets go for 3.

' or 1=1 order by 3-- -

We get an invalid response so that confirms the size of query columns (number of columns queried by the server SQL statement) is 2.
Lets try to get some data using the blind sql injection, starting by trying to figure out the version of dbms used by the server like this:

1' and substring(version(), 1,1) = 1-- -

Since we don't see any output we have to extract data character by character. Here we are trying to guess the first character of the string returned by version() function which in my case is 1. You'll notice the output returns a valid response when we enter the query above in the input field.
Lets examine the query a bit to further understand what we are trying to accomplish. We know 1 is the valid user id and it returns a valid response, we append it to the query. Following 1, we use a single quote to end the check string. After the single quote we start to build our own query with the and conditional statement which states that the answer is true if and only if both conditions are true. Since the user id 1 exists we know the first condition of the statement is true. In the second condition, we extract first character from the version() function using the substring() function and compare it with the value of 1 and then comment out the rest of server query. Since first condition is true, if the second condition is true as well we will get a valid response back otherwise we will get an invalid response. Since my the version of mariadb installed by the docker container starts with a 1 we will get a valid response. Lets see if we will get an invalid response if we compare the first character of the string returned by the version() function to 2 like this:

1' and substring(version(),1,1) = 2-- -

And we get the invalid response. To determine the second character of the string returned by the version() function, we will write our query like this:
1' and substring(version(),2,2) = 1-- -
We get invalid response. Changing 1 to 2 then 3 and so on we get invalid response back, then we try 0 and we get a valid response back indicating the second character in the string returned by the version() function is 0. Thus we have got so for 10 as the first two characters of the database version. We can try to get the third and fourth characters of the string but as you can guess it will be time consuming. So its time to automate the boring stuff. We can automate this process in two ways. One is to use our awesome programming skills to write a program that will automate this whole thing. Another way is not to reinvent the wheel and try sqlmap. I am going to show you how to use sqlmap but you can try the first method as well, as an exercise.
Lets use sqlmap to get data from the database. Enter 1 in the User ID field and click submit.
Then copy the URL from the URL bar which should look something like this
http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit
Now open a terminal and type this command:

sqlmap --version

this will print the version of your sqlmap installation otherwise it will give an error indicating the package is not installed on your computer. If its not installed then go ahead and install it.
Now type the following command to get the names of the databases:

sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id

Here replace the PHPSESSID with your session id which you can get by right clicking on the page and then clicking inspect in your browser (Firefox here). Then click on storage tab and expand cookie to get your PHPSESSID. Also your port for dvwa web app can be different so replace the URL with yours.
The command above uses -u to specify the url to be attacked, --cookie flag specifies the user authentication cookies, and -p is used to specify the parameter of the URL that we are going to attack.
We will now dump the tables of dvwa database using sqlmap like this:

sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id -D dvwa --tables

After getting the list of tables its time to dump the columns of users table like this:

sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id -D dvwa -T users --columns

And at last we will dump the passwords column of the users table like this:

sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id -D dvwa -T users -C password --dump

Now you can see the password hashes.
As you can see automating this blind sqli using sqlmap made it simple. It would have taken us a lot of time to do this stuff manually. That's why in pentests both manual and automated testing is necessary. But its not a good idea to rely on just one of the two rather we should leverage power of both testing types to both understand and exploit the vulnerability.
By the way we could have used something like this to dump all databases and tables using this sqlmap command:

sqlmap -u "http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/sqli_blind/?id=1&Submit=Submit" --cookie="security=low; PHPSESSID=aks68qncbmtnd59q3ue7bmam30" -p id --dump-all

But obviously it is time and resource consuming so we only extracted what was interested to us rather than dumping all the stuff.
Also we could have used sqlmap in the simple sql injection that we did in the previous article. As an exercise redo the SQL Injection challenge using sqlmap.

References:

1. Blind SQL Injection: https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Blind_SQL_Injection
2. sqlmap: http://sqlmap.org/
3. MySQL SUBSTRING() Function: https://www.w3schools.com/sql/func_mysql_substring.asp

GitMonitor - A Github Scanning System To Look For Leaked Sensitive Information Based On Rules

GitMonitor is a Github scanning system to look for leaked sensitive information based on rules. I know that there are a lot of very good other tools for finding sensitive information leaked on Github right now, I myself currently still use some of them. However, I think they still lack some features like:

A scanning tool based on the rules.
The rules mechanism allows me to write rules in the most flexible way possible. The rules allow me to filter information by brand name, file format and by language. As well as allowing me to skip specific file formats and languages (Searching rules). Then clone the repositories that have matched the rules to local before start looking for the sensitive information that exists there based on regular expressions (Sensitive filtering rules). You can do that by defining keywords related to your company brand name, keywords related to your company's projects, email prefixes, or anything else in the rules.
The tool can launch on schedule and has a flexible reporting mechanism.

That is why I created this tool - GitMonitor. GitMonitor uses two different sets of rules to find what you need. The Searching rules will search for repositories that may be related to your organization or internal projects, or anything else, clone repositories that matched to local. Then, Sensitive filtering rules to check if those repositories exist sensitive information. Finally the tool will report via Slack. You can use this tool with Cronjob to create a monitoring system to track sensitive information related to your organization that leaked on Github and receive results via Slack.

Features

Search the repository based on rules (Searching rules). You can write rules to search for repositories that may be related to your company. The repositories matching the rules will be cloned to local.
Use Regex (Sensitive filtering rules) to search for sensitive information that exists in cloned repository, for classification purposes.
Report via Slack.
Rules and regex are defined separately
Users can define rules and regex easily and intuitively.

Requirements

Python3, Python3-pip

Tested on Ubuntu 18.04.

Setup

Install requirements:

Python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt

Please make sure you have Pyyaml version 5x or higher installed

Fill in the required information in the configuration file (config.ini):

[git]
 user = <username_git>
 pass = <password_git>
 url_code = https://api.github.com/search/code?q={}+in:file&sort=indexed&order=desc
 url_repos = https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q={}+size:>0+is:public&sort=indexed&order=desc
 url_commit = https://api.github.com/search/commits?q={}+is:public&sort=indexed&order=desc
 rpp = 50
 
 [slack]
 webhooks = <full_link_webhooks>
 
 
 [path]
 rule = <path to rule folder>
 source = <path to folder to clone repository>
 log = <filename of log>
 
 [msg]
 start = ====================**********====================
 
         *Start scanning at {}*
         _Clone completed successfully:_
 end = ====================**********====================
 
       *Scanning Done at {}   *
       _Detected possible repository:_
 all = ====================**********====================

Write the rules (Searching rules). Put your rules in the rules directory:

 id: Project_X_Matching
 key: X
 language:
   - java
 #filename:
 #  - LICENSE
 #extension:
 #  - py
 #  - md
 ignore:
 #  language:
 #    - php
   filename:
     - LICENSE
   extension:
     - html
     - txt

Define the regular expressions in libs/regex.py file (Sensitive filtering rules).
Run:

Python3 gitmonitor.py

You can schedule automatic running for the tool by using Cronjob.

My Team

Tony - Project Lead
musashi137 - Core Dev

Special Thanks

GitMAD for regex-based sensitive information search mechanism

Download GitMonitor

via KitPloitRelated posts

Difference Between Hacker, Programmer, And Developer

There are numerous sprite debates and discussions on the differences between hackers, developers, and programmers. With most descriptions, however, there is usually a slight flaw in at least one or two serious ways. These terms are all traditionally misused and misunderstood, with many of us frequently mixing them up as an all-encompassing definition of anyone working on the Software realm.

However, if you are looking to clarify your project goals and business needs adequately, it is essential that you understand that all these terms do not all represent the same thing (although a person with the ability to program a computer can use different skills to accomplish various outcomes).

What's more, it is also quite important for you to differentiate between these three terms if you are working with software development groups and the fact that they cannot be interchanged. This excerpt seeks to break it all down for you mainly-the vital difference between hackers, developers, and programmers, their actual tasks, as well as their relationship.

The Hacker

A hacker is a computer expert who uses his knowledge of computer networking, programming, cryptography, and databases to overcome a problem in the system. Hackers are more concerned with availing the concept as opposed to minding about the long-term quality. And although a hacker can conceptualize about how will ultimately be created while frantically writing code, the role is primarily about speed.

A hacker, as well as hacking,' are most useful in dealing with emergency circumstances or when prototyping an item. Hackers and the profession of hacking, in general, is not concerned with the ultimate effect of the code.

Hackers make things. They typically alter the things programmers create and transform them to function differently as well as also writing codes. While "hacker" can refer to any skilled technical person, the term has become associated with computer security, someone who, with their technical knowledge, uses bugs or exploits to break into computer systems.

The Programmer

A programmer is an individual equipped with the expertise to write codes. Programmers usually master in a single or multiple programming languages and boast vast knowledge on related areas also. Their roles are relatively procedural and mandate for total concentration not to mention refined skills.

A programmer is solely focused both in writing codes as well as getting features appropriately performed so that these features are accessible for integration and later use. Programming is merely the process of swinging the hammer and adequately creating the software.

Usually, it is easy to identify that an individual is in programming mode since they often have a concentrated gaze and are deep in the zone.' Programmers are normally internalizing the system they are operating as well as editing and writing pieces of something that can only best be described as a long algebra problem.'

The Developer

Developers are typically creators. However, not anyone that is an expert at writing codes can be a developer. Developers are experts at identifying ways around various problems as well as plugging together components to fulfill some requirements. These professionals solve problems or create things by adhering to a specific set of principles (design and implementation).

This set of principles includes attributes such as maintainability, performance, robustness, security, and scale among others. They solve problems in a systematic manner. Ideally, this is what distinguishes programmers, developers, and hackers.

In A Nutshell:

In all simplicity, these three professionals solve various problems using code. A programmer is an encompassing term that means a problem solver, a developer is a trained programmer (formal) who besides resolving issues achieves it in an organized and methodical manner likely instilled in the course of their formal education, and a hacker is a tinkerer/creator.

Despite their differences in individual meaning and professional capacities, these terms, however, can interrelate with each other quite effectively. In fact, it is possible for you to combine the skills to your benefit. In reality, all developers and hackers are programmers. However, despite their expertise, not many developers and programmers are creative enough to warrant an identity as hackers.

Finally, although hackers and programmers are quite impressive, they are however not experienced or educated enough to warrant consideration as developers. The similarity, however, is that all work to create code, each in their specified manner.

Ideally, anyone would work to be all the above-as creative as a hacker, though, somewhat better experienced and formally trained to design software as opposed to only hacking.

Nonetheless, even if you lack the creativity, experience, or education, or either to necessarily create a broad application, it is still worth noting that you are still ideally a programmer. And in case you did not know, solving a problem through code is by itself, a superpower!

@£√£RYTHING NT

Related word

5 giu 2020

TOP ANDROID HACKING TOOLS OF 2018

An Android remote administration tool (RAT) is a programmed tool that allows a remote device to control a smartphone as if they have physical access to that system. While screen sharing and remote administration have many legal uses, "RAT" software is usually associated with the unauthorized or malicious activity. I have streamlined here top android hacking tools of 2018.

TOP ANDROID HACKING TOOLS OF 2018

Here are the most advanced in functionality top android hacking tools of 2018.

1. DROIDJACK

DroidJack gives you the power to establish control over your beloveds' Android devices with an easy to use GUI and all the features you need to monitor them. It has many advanced features that you can perform over the remote smartphone. DroidJack is one of the top lists as it also has the functionality to read/write WhatsApp messages.

You can also follow a step by step tutorial on how to hack smartphone remotely using droidjack.

2. OMNIRAT

OmniRAT is the super powerful multi-OS remote administration tool that can a smartphone either using a smartphone or using a Windows or Mac PC. It has a huge list of features that make it very powerful. It can make calls through that smartphone remotely. It's completely fully undetectable.

3. ANDRORAT

AndroRat is a client/server application developed in Java Android for the client side and in Java/Swing for the Server. The name AndroRat is a mix of Android and RAT (Remote Access Tool). It was developed as a project by the university students, which works great for hacking into Android devices.

You can also follow a step by step tutorial on how to hacking a smartphone remotely using androrat.

4. SPYNOTE

SpyNote is a lightweight Android remote administration tool (RAT) to hack into a smartphone device remotely. It gives you the power to establish control over Android devices with an easy to use GUI and all the features you need to monitor them. Build a custom APK or bind the payload to an already existing APK such as a game or social media app.

You can also follow a step by step tutorial on how to hack any android phone remotely with spynote.

5. AHMYTH

AhMyth is a powerful android remote administrator tool that gives you the power to establish control over your beloveds' android devices with an easy to use GUI and all the features you need to monitor them.

These are all the top android hacking tools of 2018. There are also many other rats but these are the most advanced in tech and features. There may appear few more that can compete these and make a place to be in the top android list.

Read more

Chapter 1To 5 HTML

Contents

About

................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Chapter 1: Getting started with HTML

................................................................................................................ 2

Section 1.1: Hello World 2

Chapter 2: Doctypes

.................................................................................................................................................... 4

Section 2.1: Adding the Doctype 4

Section 2.2: HTML 5 Doctype 4

Chapter 3: Headings

.................................................................................................................................................... 5

Section 3.1: Using Headings 5

Chapter 4: Paragraphs

.............................................................................................................................................. 6

Section 4.1: HTML Paragraphs

Chapter 5: Text Formatting

..................................................................................................................................... 6

..................................................................................................................................... 7

Section 5.1: Highlighting 7

Section 5.2: Bold, Italic, and Underline 7

Section 5.3: Abbreviation 8

Section 5.4: Inserted, Deleted, or Stricken 8

Section 5.5: Superscript and Subscript 8

Chapter 1: Getting started with HTML

Version Speciﬁcation Release Date

1.0 N/A 1994-01-01

2.0 RFC 1866

1995-11-24

3.2 W3C: HTML 3.2 Speciﬁcation

1997-01-14

4.0 W3C: HTML 4.0 Speciﬁcation

1998-04-24

4.01 W3C: HTML 4.01 Speciﬁcation

1999-12-24

5 WHATWG: HTML Living Standard

2014-10-28

5.1 W3C: HTML 5.1 Speciﬁcation

2016-11-01

Section 1.1: Hello World

Introduction

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) uses a markup system composed of elements which represent speciﬁc content. Markup means that with HTML you declare what is presented to a viewer, not how it is presented. Visual representations are deﬁned by Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and realized by browsers. Still existing elements that allow for such, like e.g. font, "are entirely obsolete, and must not be used by authors"[1].

HTML is sometimes called a programming language but it has no logic, so is a markup language. HTML tags provide semantic meaning and machine-readability to the content in the page.

An element usually consists of an opening tag (<element_name>), a closing tag (</element_name>), which contain the element's name surrounded by angle brackets, and the content in between:

<element_name>...content...</element_name>

There are some HTML elements that don't have a closing tag or any contents. These are called void elements. Void elements include <img>, <meta>, <link> and <input>.

Element names can be thought of as descriptive keywords for the content they contain, such as video, audio, table, footer.

A HTML page may consist of potentially hundreds of elements which are then read by a web browser, interpreted and rendered into human readable or audible content on the screen.

For this document it is important to note the diﬀerence between elements and tags:

Elements: video, audio, table, footer

Tags: <video>, <audio>, <table>, <footer>, </html>, </body>

Element insight

Let's break down a tag...

The <p> tag represents a common paragraph.

Elements commonly have an opening tag and a closing tag. The opening tag contains the element's name in angle brackets (<p>). The closing tag is identical to the opening tag with the addition of a forward slash (/) between the opening bracket and the element's name (</p>).

Content can then go between these two tags: <p>This is a simple paragraph.</p>.

Creating a simple page

The following HTML example creates a simple "Hello World" web page.

HTML ﬁles can be created using any text editor. The ﬁles must be saved with a .html or .htm[2] extension in order to be recognized as HTML ﬁles.

Once created, this ﬁle can be opened in any web browser.

Simple page break down

These are the tags used in the example:

Tag Meaning

<!DOCTYPE> Deﬁnes the HTML version used in the document. In this case it is HTML5.

See the doctypes topic for more information.

Opens the page. No markup should come after the closing tag (</html>). The lang attribute declares

<html>

<head>

<meta>

the primary language of the page using the ISO language codes (en for English). See the Content Language topic for more information.

Opens the head section, which does not appear in the main browser window but mainly contains information about the HTML document, called metadata. It can also contain imports from external stylesheets and scripts. The closing tag is </head>.

Gives the browser some metadata about the document. The charset attribute declares the character encoding. Modern HTML documents should always use UTF-8, even though it is not a requirement. In HTML, the <meta> tag does not require a closing tag.

See the Meta topic for more information.

<title> The title of the page. Text written between this opening and the closing tag (</title>) will be displayed on the tab of the page or in the title bar of the browser.

<body> Opens the part of the document displayed to users, i.e. all the visible or audible content of a page. No content should be added after the closing tag </body>.

<h1> A level 1 heading for the page.

See headings for more information.

<p> Represents a common paragraph of text.

1. ↑ HTML5, 11.2 Non-conforming features

2. ↑ .htm is inherited from the legacy DOS three character ﬁle extension limit.

Chapter 2: Doctypes

Doctypes - short for 'document type' - help browsers to understand the version of HTML the document is written in for better interpretability. Doctype declarations are not HTML tags and belong at the very top of a document. This topic explains the structure and declaration of various doctypes in HTML.

Section 2.1: Adding the Doctype

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration should always be included at the top of the HTML document, before the <html> tag.

Version ≥ 5

See HTML 5 Doctype for details on the HTML 5 Doctype.

Section 2.2: HTML 5 Doctype

HTML5 is not based on SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), and therefore does not require a reference to a DTD (Document Type Deﬁnition).

HTML 5 Doctype declaration:

Case Insensitivity

Per the W3.org HTML 5 DOCTYPE Spec:

A DOCTYPE must consist of the following components, in this order:

1. A string that is an ASCII case-insensitive match for the string "<!DOCTYPE".

therefore the following DOCTYPEs are also valid:

This SO article discusses the topic extensively: Uppercase or lowercase doctype?

Chapter 3: Headings

HTML provides not only plain paragraph tags, but six separate header tags to indicate headings of various sizes and thicknesses. Enumerated as heading 1 through heading 6, heading 1 has the largest and thickest text while heading 6 is the smallest and thinnest, down to the paragraph level. This topic details proper usage of these tags.

Section 3.1: Using Headings

Headings can be used to describe the topic they precede and they are deﬁned with the <h1> to <h6> tags. Headings support all the global attributes.

<h1> deﬁnes the most important heading.

<h6> deﬁnes the least important heading.

Deﬁning a heading:

Correct structure matters

Search engines and other user agents usually index page content based on heading elements, for example to create a table of contents, so using the correct structure for headings is important.

In general, an article should have one h1 element for the main title followed by h2 subtitles – going down a layer if necessary. If there are h1 elements on a higher level they shoudn't be used to describe any lower level content.

Example document (extra intendation to illustrate hierarchy):

Chapter 4: Paragraphs

Column Column

<p> Deﬁnes a paragraph

<br> Inserts a single line break

<pre> Deﬁnes pre-formatted text

Paragraphs are the most basic HTML element. This topic explains and demonstrates the usage of the paragraph element in HTML.

Section 4.1: HTML Paragraphs

The HTML <p> element deﬁnes a paragraph:

Display-

You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.

Large or small screens, and resized windows will create diﬀerent results.

With HTML, you cannot change the output by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML code. The browser will remove any extra spaces and extra lines when the page is displayed:

Chapter 5: Text Formatting

While most HTML tags are used to create elements, HTML also provides in-text formatting tags to apply speciﬁc text-related styles to portions of text. This topic includes examples of HTML text formatting such as highlighting, bolding, underlining, subscript, and stricken text

Section 5.1: Highlighting

The <mark> element is new in HTML5 and is used to mark or highlight text in a document "due to its relevance in another context".1

The most common example would be in the results of a search were the user has entered a search query and results are shown highlighting the desired query.

Output:

A common standard formatting is black text on a yellow background, but this can be changed with CSS.

Section 5.2: Bold, Italic, and Underline

Bold Text

To bold text, use the <strong> or <b> tags:

What's the diﬀerence? Semantics. <strong> is used to indicate that the text is fundamentally or semantically important to the surrounding text, while <b> indicates no such importance and simply represents text that should be bolded.

If you were to use <b> a text-to-speech program would not say the word(s) any diﬀerently than any of the other words around it - you are simply drawing attention to them without adding any additional importance. By using

<strong>, though, the same program would want to speak those word(s) with a diﬀerent tone of voice to convey that the text is important in some way.

Italic Text

To italicize text, use the <em> or <i> tags:

What's the diﬀerence? Semantics. <em> is used to indicate that the text should have extra emphasis that should be stressed, while <i> simply represents text which should be set oﬀ from the normal text around it.

For example, if you wanted to stress the action inside a sentence, one might do so by emphasizing it in italics via

<em>: "Would you just submit the edit already?"

But if you were identifying a book or newspaper that you would normally italicize stylistically, you would simply use

<i>: "I was forced to read Romeo and Juliet in high school.

Underlined Text

While the <u> element itself was deprecated in HTMl 4, it was reintroduced with alternate semantic meaning in HTML 5 - to represent an unarticulated, non-textual annotation. You might use such a rendering to indicate misspelled text on the page, or for a Chinese proper name mark.

Section 5.3: Abbreviation

To mark some expression as an abbreviation, use <abbr> tag:

If present, the title attribute is used to present the full description of such abbreviation.

Section 5.4: Inserted, Deleted, or Stricken

To mark text as inserted, use the <ins> tag:

To mark text as deleted, use the <del> tag:

To strike through text, use the <s> tag:

Section 5.5: Superscript and Subscript

To oﬀset text either upward or downward you can use the tags <sup> and <sub>. To create superscript:

To create subscript:

@EVERYTHINGNT

Router-Exploit-Shovel: An Automated Application Generator For Stack Overflow Types On Wireless Routers

About Router-Exploit-Shovel
Router-Exploit-Shovel is an automated application generation for Stack Overflow types on Wireless Routers.

Router exploits shovel is an automated application generation tool for stack overflow types on wireless routers. The tool implements the key functions of exploits, it can adapt to the length of the data padding on the stack, generate the ROP chain, generate the encoded shellcode, and finally assemble them into a complete attack code. The user only needs to attach the attack code to the overflow location of the POC to complete the Exploit of the remote code execution.

The tool supports MIPSel and MIPSeb.Run on Ubuntu 16.04 64bit.

Router-Exploit-Shovel's Installation
Open your Terminal and enter these commands:
Usage

Example: python3 Router_Exploit_Shovel.py -b test_binaries/mipseb-httpd -l test_binaries/libuClibc-0.9.30.so -o 0x00478584

Router-Exploit-Shovel's screenshot

Code structure

ROP chain generation
This tool uses pattern to generate ROP chains. Extract patterns from common ROP exploitation procedure. Use regex matching to find available gadgets to fill up chain strings. Base64 encoding is to avoid duplicate character escapes. For example:

Attackblocks
You can get attackblocks generated in results/attackBlocks.txt. Such as:

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Download Router-Exploit-Shovel